 Hoyt v. Florida |
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In this case, the Supreme Court considered whether laws like that of Florida, which allowed women to be exempt from serving on juries unless they specifically registered to do so, were constitutional. Gwendolyn Hoyt alleged that because there were no women on her jury, she was not given a fair trial. The Court decided that because women were given an opportunity to register to be considered for jury duty, the law was constitutional.
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| Hyde Amendment |
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The Hyde Amendment, first appearing as part of an appropriations bill for the Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare, prevents federal funds from being spent on abortion care. Versions of the Hyde Amendment continue to be adopted by Congress each year, though exceptions have been added to allow for the termination of pregnancies that result from rape or incest or that endanger the life of the mother.
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| Immigration and Nationality Act |
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The Immigration and Nationality Act amended the 1924 Immigration Act, functionally repealing the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. This act started the categorization of refugees, but continued the U.S. pattern of defining refugees by geography or politics, and not adopting United Nations terminology.
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| Indian Child Welfare Act |
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An Act intended "to protect the best interests of Indian Children," the Indian Child Welfare Act supports tribal sovereignty and tribal involvement in the welfare of its children. The Indian Child Welfare Act was upheld in the 2023 Supreme Court decision in Haaland v. Brackeen.
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| Indian Civil Rights Act |
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The Indian Civil Rights Act ensured that constitutional rights were extended to Native Americans while also ensuring tribal sovereignty.
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| Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act |
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This act gave tribal nations increased funding and decision-making power over education systems on reservations. This law signified an increase in tribal sovereignty.
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| Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act |
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This act allowed 130,000 refugees from South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos to enter the United States and allotted relocation aid and financial assistance.
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| Interim Report on Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government |
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Following World War II, there was a surge in growth of gay culture in cities. Young people were moving to cities in droves, and they used the anonymity they found in cities to practice their sexuality. The backlash against the increasingly prevalent gay culture was known as the Lavender Scare. Tied to the Red Scare, many homosexual people were fired from their roles working for the federal government. The Interim Report on Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government summarized the people they deemed unsuited to work for the government due to their sexuality. As a result, thousands of gay employees were fired or forced to resign from government roles, and other gay individuals never applied for fear of being outed.
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| Iroquois Confederacy and Indian Nations—Recognizing Contributions to the United States |
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In this resolution, Congress acknowledged the contributions of the Iroquois Confederacy and other Native nations to the formation and development of the United States and reaffirmed the federal government's responsibilities and obligations to Native Americans.
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| Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relative to Equal Rights for Men and Women |
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The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972 was intended to guarantee protection against sexual discrimination for women. It passed Congress in 1972, but only 35 of the requisite 38 states ratified the amendment before the deadline set by Congress. The Equal Rights amendment was written by Alice Paul in 1921 and first presented to Congress in 1923, shortly after the amendment granting women voting rights was ratified.
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| Keyishian v. Board of Regents |
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In the Supreme Court case of Keyishian v. Board of Regents, the Court considered whether a New York law limiting the public employment of "subversive persons" was a violation of the First Amendment. The Court in this case ruled that First Amendment restrictions must be narrow.
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| Korematsu v. United States (1984) |
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In this case, Korematsu challenged his 1942 conviction by filing a writ of coram nobis, which asserted that his original conviction was so flawed as to represent a grave injustice and should be reversed. The judge granted the writ, thereby voiding Korematsu's conviction.
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| Loving v. Virginia |
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In this landmark civil rights case, the Supreme Court ruled that laws banning interracial marriage were unconstitutional for violating the Equal Protection and Due Process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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| McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission |
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In McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission, the Supreme Court ruled that the state did not have the right to tax Native Americans living and earning income on tribal land.
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| Mendez v. Westminster |
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Menedez v. Westminster found educational segregation toward Latino students unconstitutional.
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| Mescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones |
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In Mescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones, the Supreme Court ruled that the state could tax tribal business that is off-reservation, but not business that took place on the reservation.
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| Miranda v. Arizona |
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In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that criminal suspects must be advised of their constitutional rights before being interrogated. Now known as Miranda Rights, a Miranda Warning is given to suspects in police custody advising them informing them of their Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination and their Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
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| NAACP v. Allen |
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In this case, the court ruled that the Department of Public Safety of Alabama needed to follow affirmative action principles to reduce discrimination.
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| Nixon v. Fitzgerald |
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In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a president "is entitled to absolute immunity from damages liability predicated on his official acts."
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| Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe |
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In Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, the court ruled that Native American tribes had no jurisdiction over non-Indians. The ruling was later overturned by the Indian Civil Rights Act and the ruling in Duro v. Reina that stated tribes had criminal jurisdiction over nonmember Indians. The case of Dollar General v. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians also held that tribes had jurisdiction over non-Indians.
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| Papachristou et al. v. City of Jacksonville |
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The Supreme Court found in Papachristou et al. v. City of Jacksonville that state and municipal vagrancy codes were too vague, resulting in their overturning.
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| People v. Belous |
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This is a case before the California Supreme Court looking at abortion rights. It focused on a physician's ability to practice medicine unimpeded and the extent of physicians' abilities to determine when an abortion would be necessary to protect a woman's life.
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| People v. Buffum |
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One of California's pre-Roe v. Wade abortion cases, the decision in Buffum attempted to regulate abortion tourism to Mexico. This case determined that California could not legislate medical practices in Mexico, causing an increase in abortion clinics across the border in Tijuana.
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| Perez v. Sharp |
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In this case, a 4-3 majority of the Supreme Court of California ruled that the state's ban on interracial marriage violated the 14th Amendment. It was the first of any state to strike down an anti-miscegenation law in the U.S, preceding Loving v. Virginia by almost 20 years.
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 Poll Tax Receipt for Lee Carr |
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An image of a poll tax receipt from Texas. Poll taxes were a tool to prevent Black people and poor people from voting, since the poll tax was often a significant percentage of someone's weekly income.
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