 Fisher v. University of Texas |
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This Supreme Court case upheld the admissions policies of the University of Texas using the strict scrutiny criteria established by the 2013 Fisher v. University of Texas decision. It was later overturned by the decision in Harvard and UNC v. Students for Fair Admission.
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| Garcetti v. Ceballos |
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This Supreme Court case considered the amount of free speech a public employee can make in the course of their duties. The Court ruled that the First Amendment does not apply to public employees when they speak as part of their job; the First Amendment only applies when they speak as a private citizen.
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| Gratz v. Bollinger |
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In the case of Gratz v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court considered the University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions policy and found that race was too significant a factor in admissions decisions.
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| Griswold v. Connecticut |
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In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court found that medical privacy was constitutionally protected regarding reproductive decisions. The Griswold decision helped set precedent for the decision in Roe v. Wade.
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| Hernandez v. Texas |
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Hernandez v. Texas showed racial discrimination in all-white juries, reflected in Juan Crow segragation.
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| Hirabayashi v. United States |
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In this case, the Supreme Court held that curfews against minority groups were constitutional at a time of war against the country that group's ancestors originated from. After the Executive Order 9066 was issued in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans were subject to curfews and other restrictions in addition to being removed to internment camps. Gordon Hirabayashi was convicted of violating the curfew. This was a companion case to Yasui v. United States, decided on the same day.
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| Hoyt v. Florida |
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In this case, the Supreme Court considered whether laws like that of Florida, which allowed women to be exempt from serving on juries unless they specifically registered to do so, were constitutional. Gwendolyn Hoyt alleged that because there were no women on her jury, she was not given a fair trial. The Court decided that because women were given an opportunity to register to be considered for jury duty, the law was constitutional.
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| In the Matter of the Application of Standing Bear et al. for a Writ of Habeas Corpus |
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Standing Bear's writ of habeas corpus showed implications for citizenship, land dispossession, and human rights.
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| Indian Civil Rights Act |
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The Indian Civil Rights Act ensured that constitutional rights were extended to Native Americans while also ensuring tribal sovereignty.
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| Interim Report on Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government |
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Following World War II, there was a surge in growth of gay culture in cities. Young people were moving to cities in droves, and they used the anonymity they found in cities to practice their sexuality. The backlash against the increasingly prevalent gay culture was known as the Lavender Scare. Tied to the Red Scare, many homosexual people were fired from their roles working for the federal government. The Interim Report on Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government summarized the people they deemed unsuited to work for the government due to their sexuality. As a result, thousands of gay employees were fired or forced to resign from government roles, and other gay individuals never applied for fear of being outed.
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| John Heo v. Robert H. Milroy |
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In this habeas suit, John Heo was arrested by an Indian agent after he refused to reside on the reservation with his wife and children. Heo argued that he had severed his tribal relations, as had his parents, and that they never lived on a reservation or accepted government annuities. Despite "constantly living with the whites engaged in the pursuits of civilized life" and having "at no time lived with any tribe of Indians" or "acknowledged himself a member of any Indian tribe," the judge ruled in favor of the Indian agent, and Heo remained in custody.
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| Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relative to Equal Rights for Men and Women |
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The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972 was intended to guarantee protection against sexual discrimination for women. It passed Congress in 1972, but only 35 of the requisite 38 states ratified the amendment before the deadline set by Congress. The Equal Rights amendment was written by Alice Paul in 1921 and first presented to Congress in 1923, shortly after the amendment granting women voting rights was ratified.
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| Keyishian v. Board of Regents |
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In the Supreme Court case of Keyishian v. Board of Regents, the Court considered whether a New York law limiting the public employment of "subversive persons" was a violation of the First Amendment. The Court in this case ruled that First Amendment restrictions must be narrow.
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| Korematsu v. United States (1944) |
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In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that war-time exclusion against Japanese-Americans was valid.
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| Korematsu v. United States (1984) |
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In this case, Korematsu challenged his 1942 conviction by filing a writ of coram nobis, which asserted that his original conviction was so flawed as to represent a grave injustice and should be reversed. The judge granted the writ, thereby voiding Korematsu's conviction.
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| Lawrence v. Texas |
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This Supreme Court case struck down a Texas law that criminalized sexual relations between people of the same sex. Lawrence v. Texas ruled that all sexual relations between consenting adults is legal.
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| List of Freedmen who have been Murdered in the state of Texas since the close of the Rebellion |
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These records document the extreme extent of retributive, white supremacist violence committed against the population of freedmen and women upon emancipation in Texas. This compilation contains graphic language and descriptions.
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| Loving v. Virginia |
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In this landmark civil rights case, the Supreme Court ruled that laws banning interracial marriage were unconstitutional for violating the Equal Protection and Due Process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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| Magna Carta |
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The foundation for governments of former British colonies, the Magna Carta held the king accountable to the barons, and later, the people. It was born out of a misuse of resources and abuse of power on the part of the King of England.
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| Massachusetts Personal Liberty Act |
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Passed in reaction to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Massachusetts Personal Liberty Act was among laws passed by Northern states in an attempt to protect Black residents from unwarranted arrest.
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| Miranda v. Arizona |
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In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that criminal suspects must be advised of their constitutional rights before being interrogated. Now known as Miranda Rights, a Miranda Warning is given to suspects in police custody advising them informing them of their Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination and their Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
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| NAACP v. Allen |
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In this case, the court ruled that the Department of Public Safety of Alabama needed to follow affirmative action principles to reduce discrimination.
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| Nebraska Civil Rights Initiative |
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This amendment to the Nebraska Constitution banned the use of affirmative action in the "operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting." It was initiated as a ballot measure that was approved in 2008.
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| Obergefell v. Hodges |
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In the landmark decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court found that same-sex marriage was protected under the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.
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| Omaha Grapples with its Ugly Past (Will Brown) |
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This article looks at the legacy of the lynching of Will Brown, featuring interviews with prominent, Black Omaha community members Preston Love and Ernie Chambers, as well as University of Nebraska-Omaha Urban studies professor, Barbara Hewins-Maroney.
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